alcohols

Alcohols make good fuels because they burn easily and they release a lot of heat energy, which can be harnessed to power machines etc...

The combustion of alcohol is an exothermic reaction and this means that heat is given out from the reaction, opposed to being taken in, which would occur in an endothermic reaction. The following equation shows the result of combustion of alcohol (in this case, ethanol).

Alcohol + Oxygen ----> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C2H5OH + 3O2 ----> 2CO2 + 3H2O

The general formula for alcohols is as follows:
CnH2n+1OH (where "n" is a constant) The Alcohols form a homologous series where they all have similar chemical structures and properties. They are produced from either anaerobic respiration or by reacting water with the alkenes (Hydration).


The first five members of this homologous series are:

CH3OH (Methanol)C2H5OH (Ethanol)C3H7OH (Propanol)C4H9OH (Butanol)C5H11OH (Pentanol)

contact process- IGCSE/GCSE NOTES

The contact process is the name given to the process by which sulphuric acid is produced. Sulphuric acid has many uses such as the manufacturing of:
Paints / Pigments
Soaps / Detergents
Fibres
Plastics
Fertilisers The following reactions are involved:
S (s) + O2 (g) ----> SO2 (g) (sulphur dioxide)
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ----> 2SO3 (g) (sulphur trioxide)

work sheet - balancing equations

. _____Zn + _____HCl --> _____ZnCl2 + _____H2
2. _____NH3 + _____HCl --> _____NH4Cl
3. _____Al + _____HCl --> _____AlCl3 + _____H2
4. _____Mg + _____H3PO4 --> _____Mg3(PO4)2 + _____H2
5. _____Cu + _____AgNO3 --> _____Cu(NO3)2 + _____Ag
6. _____Ca + _____Pb(NO3)2 --> _____Pb + _____Ca(NO3)2
7. _____Al + _____Pb(NO3)2 --> _____Pb + _____Al(NO3)3
8. _____Zn + _____Sn(NO3)4 --> _____Zn(NO3)2 + _____Sn
9. _____Cl2 + _____AlI3 --> _____AlCl3 + _____I2
10. _____Br2 + _____CuI --> _____CuBr + _____I2
11. _____NH4OH + _____FeCl3 --> _____NH4Cl + _____Fe(OH)3
12. _____KBr + _____Pb(NO3)2 --> _____KNO3 + _____PbBr2
13. _____AlCl3 + _____H2SO4 --> _____Al2(SO4)3 + _____HCl
14. _____Al2(SO4)3 + _____BaCl2 --> _____BaSO4 + _____AlCl3
15. _____Na2CO3 + _____CaCl2 --> _____CaCO3 + _____NaCl